Porous alumina and zirconia preforms, processed by ice templating, have been used to manufacture ceramic/metal composites by aluminium alloy infiltration. The aim of the present work is to study the influence of the ceramic material nature and of the initial porous structure on the thermal conductivity anisotropy of the composite in order to assess potential applications in the field of thermal management. The materials are characterised in terms of pore volume fraction and pore size before and after metal infiltration. The freeze casted preforms exhibit anisotropic lamellar structures with ellipsoidal pores ranging from 35 µm to 40 µm and porosity fractions from 64 to 67%. After metal infiltration, composite parts present the same anisotropic morphology, which correspond to alternating ceramic and metal layers. Thermal conductivities have been determined, with an average of 80 W m−1 K−1 and 13 W m−1 K−1 parallel and perpendicular to the freezing direction respectively, for zirconia/metal composites. Theoretical values of thermal conductivity can be calculated using the Maxwell-Eucken relation, to handle the residual porosity, in combination with series and parallel resistance models to describe the overall anisotropic character. These give good agreement to experiment.